Medical Specialties

Cardiology

Cardiology is the branch of medicine that deals with the heart and blood vessels. Cardiologists are doctors who diagnose and treat heart-related problems.

Common Heart Diseases

• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the heart. Often causes chest pain or heart attacks.
• Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): Blocked artery leads to damage in the heart muscle. A medical emergency.
• Heart Failure: The heart becomes weak and can't pump blood properly. Leads to tiredness, swelling, and shortness of breath.
• Arrhythmia: Abnormal heart rhythm—too fast, too slow, or irregular.
• Valvular Heart Disease: The heart valves don't open or close properly. May cause breathing difficulty or fatigue.

Symptoms to Watch For

• Chest pain or discomfort
• Shortness of breath (even while resting)
• Irregular or rapid heartbeat
• Feeling lightheaded or fainting
• Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet
• Extreme tiredness

Types of Cardiac Treatments

Diagnostic Tests: ECG, Echo, Stress Test, Holter Monitor, Angiogram

Non-Surgical Treatments: Angioplasty, Stenting, Pacemaker, Ablation

Surgical Treatments: Bypass Surgery (CABG), Valve Replacement, Heart Transplant

Rehabilitation: Cardiac Rehab, Dietary and Medication Plans

Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac surgery is a specialized medical procedure that involves the surgical treatment of conditions related to the heart and its surrounding vessels. These surgeries are typically required when medication or non-invasive treatments are no longer effective.

Common Conditions Treated

• Coronary artery disease (blocked arteries)
• Heart valve diseases (leaky or narrowed valves)
• Heart rhythm disorders
• Congenital heart defects (present at birth)
• Advanced heart failure
• Cardiac tumors or aneurysms

Types of Cardiac Surgery Procedures

• Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG): Restores blood flow to the heart by bypassing blocked arteries using grafts
• Valve Repair or Replacement: Fixes or replaces damaged heart valves to improve blood flow
• Heart Transplant: Replaces a failing heart with a healthy donor heart in severe heart failure cases
• Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery: Uses smaller incisions, leading to faster recovery and reduced complications

Goals of Cardiac Surgery

• Restore normal blood flow
• Improve heart function and efficiency
• Relieve symptoms like chest pain and shortness of breath
• Prolong and improve quality of life

Vascular Surgery

Treatment of diseases affecting arteries and veins such as varicose veins, aneurysms, and arterial blockages. Procedures include angioplasty, bypass surgery, and endovascular treatments for restoring blood flow and preventing complications.

Types of Vascular Diseases

• Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Narrowing of arteries in the legs, causing pain, cramping, or fatigue during walking
• Varicose Veins: Enlarged, twisted veins visible under the skin, often causing aching, heaviness, or swelling in the legs
• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot in a deep vein, typically in the leg; can cause swelling, pain, and serious complications if untreated
• Aneurysms: Bulging of a blood vessel wall, commonly in the aorta; can be life-threatening if ruptured
• Carotid Artery Disease: Narrowing of arteries in the neck that supply blood to the brain, increasing the risk of stroke

Common Symptoms

• Leg pain, numbness, or weakness
• Swelling or heaviness in the limbs
• Skin discoloration or ulcers
• Visible, bulging veins
• Coldness in lower legs or feet

Treatment & Cure Options

• Lifestyle Modifications: Exercise, dietary changes, and smoking cessation
• Medications: Blood thinners, cholesterol control, and pain management
• Minimally Invasive Procedures: Angioplasty, stenting, sclerotherapy
• Surgical Options: Bypass surgery, vein stripping, aneurysm repair

Spine Disorders and Surgery

Spine-related conditions affect the vertebrae, discs, nerves, and muscles of the back and neck. They are among the most common causes of chronic pain and disability.

Types of Spine Disorders

• Herniated Disc: A spinal disc pushes out from its normal position, pressing on nerves and causing pain or numbness
• Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal, leading to nerve compression and lower back or leg pain
• Degenerative Disc Disease: Age-related wear and tear of spinal discs, causing chronic pain or stiffness
• Scoliosis: Abnormal curvature of the spine, often diagnosed in adolescence
• Spondylolisthesis: A vertebra slips out of place, causing back pain and possibly nerve symptoms
• Sciatica: Compression of the sciatic nerve, causing sharp pain down the back of the leg

Common Symptoms

• Chronic back or neck pain
• Radiating pain to arms or legs
• Numbness, tingling, or weakness
• Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
• Limited range of motion

Treatment & Cure Options

• Non-Surgical Options: Physiotherapy, pain medications, anti-inflammatory injections, posture correction, and lifestyle changes
• Minimally Invasive Procedures: Epidural steroid injections, nerve ablations, or disc decompression
• Surgical Treatments: Spinal fusion, laminectomy, discectomy, or disc replacement depending on the condition severity

Orthopaedic Diseases and Surgeries

Orthopedic conditions affect the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. They range from acute injuries to chronic degenerative diseases that limit mobility and quality of life.

Types of Orthopedic Diseases

• Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear of cartilage in joints, commonly affecting knees, hips, and hands
• Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune disease causing joint inflammation and deformity
• Fractures: Broken bones due to trauma or stress
• Osteoporosis: Bone thinning that increases the risk of fractures
• Rotator Cuff Injuries: Shoulder tendon damage leading to pain and limited arm movement
• Meniscus Tears & Ligament Injuries: Often seen in the knees, especially in athletes

Common Symptoms

• Joint pain, swelling, and stiffness
• Reduced range of motion
• Bone or joint deformities
• Muscle weakness or spasms
• Difficulty walking or bearing weight

Treatment & Cure Options

• Conservative Management: Rest, physiotherapy, lifestyle changes, joint supports, and medications
• Minimally Invasive Procedures: Arthroscopy for diagnostics and small repairs
• Surgical Interventions: Joint replacement (hip/knee), fracture fixation, ligament reconstruction, tendon repairs

Common Orthopedic Procedures

• Total Knee Replacement (TKR)
• Total Hip Replacement (THR)
• Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery
• ACL Reconstruction
• Fracture Repair and Bone Realignment

Cosmetic Procedures

Cosmetic and plastic surgery involves medical procedures that enhance or restore physical appearance, offering both aesthetic improvement and reconstructive solutions.

Types of Cosmetic Procedures

• Facial Procedures: Rhinoplasty (nose reshaping), facelift, eyelid surgery, lip augmentation, and chin enhancement
• Body Contouring: Liposuction, tummy tuck (abdominoplasty), arm lift, and body lift to reshape and slim targeted areas
• Breast Procedures: Breast augmentation, breast lift, breast reduction, and male breast reduction (gynecomastia)
• Reconstructive Surgery: Scar revision, skin grafts, post-trauma facial or body reconstruction
• Minimally Invasive Treatments: Botox, dermal fillers, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, and laser therapies

Common Challenges

• Post-surgical swelling or bruising
• Scarring or pigmentation irregularities
• Unrealistic expectations or dissatisfaction with results
• Risk of infection or allergic reactions
• Emotional or psychological adjustment

Solutions & Care Approach

• Pre-Procedural Counseling: Understanding patient goals, risks, and selecting realistic outcomes
• Qualified Surgeons: All procedures are conducted by board-certified cosmetic and plastic surgeons
• Minimally Invasive Options: Where suitable, we recommend less-invasive procedures with faster recovery
• Post-Operative Follow-up: Comprehensive care plans for healing, scar management, and physical recovery

Kidney Transplant

A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a donor is placed into a person with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). It is one of the most effective treatments for patients whose kidneys have permanently lost function.

Types of Kidney Transplants

• Living Donor Transplant: A kidney donated by a living relative or unrelated volunteer
• Deceased Donor Transplant: A kidney donated from a person declared brain-dead and eligible for organ donation

Who Needs a Kidney Transplant?

Patients with chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal failure due to:

• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Polycystic kidney disease
• Glomerulonephritis
• Recurrent urinary tract infections

Common Symptoms of Kidney Failure

• Swelling in hands and feet
• Fatigue and weakness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Reduced urination
• High blood pressure
• Breathlessness
• Confusion or trouble concentrating

Transplant Requirements

• Medical evaluation to ensure fitness for surgery
• Blood type and tissue matching
• Screening for infections and overall organ function
• Psychological and financial preparedness
• Availability of a donor (living or deceased)

Heart Transplant

A heart transplant is a surgical procedure in which a failing, diseased heart is replaced with a healthier donor heart. It's typically reserved for people whose condition hasn't improved with other treatments.

When is a Heart Transplant Needed?

• End-stage heart failure
• Severe coronary artery disease
• Cardiomyopathy (weakened heart muscle)
• Congenital heart disease
• Life-threatening arrhythmias unresponsive to other treatments
• Amyloidosis (protein buildup in heart)

The Transplant Process

• Evaluation: Comprehensive tests to determine eligibility
• Waiting Period: Placement on a waiting list for a matching donor heart
• Surgery: Removal of the diseased heart and implantation of the donor heart
• Recovery: Initial hospital stay of 1-2 weeks, with close monitoring
• Long-term Care: Lifelong immunosuppression medication and regular follow-ups

Outcomes and Quality of Life

Heart transplant recipients often experience:

• Significant improvement in heart function
• Increased energy and stamina
• Ability to return to normal daily activities
• Better overall quality of life
• Survival rates of approximately 85-90% at one year and 70-75% at five years

Bone Marrow Transplant

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a procedure that replaces damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells. It's used to treat various blood cancers, blood disorders, immune system disorders, and metabolic disorders.

Types of Bone Marrow Transplants

• Autologous: Using your own stem cells, collected before you receive high-dose chemotherapy
• Allogeneic: Using stem cells from a donor (related or unrelated)
• Cord Blood: Using stem cells from umbilical cord blood, typically for pediatric patients

Conditions Treated

• Leukemia and lymphoma
• Multiple myeloma
• Severe aplastic anemia
• Sickle cell disease
• Thalassemia
• Primary immunodeficiency disorders
• Certain inherited metabolic disorders

The Transplant Process

• Conditioning: High-dose chemotherapy and possibly radiation to destroy diseased cells
• Transplant: Infusion of healthy stem cells through a central venous catheter
• Engraftment: Period when the transplanted cells begin to grow and make new blood cells
• Recovery: Close monitoring for complications, especially infections and graft-versus-host disease

Liver Transplant

A liver transplant is a surgical procedure that removes a diseased liver and replaces it with a healthy liver or part of a liver from a donor. It's a life-saving treatment for end-stage liver disease and certain cases of liver cancer.

Types of Liver Transplants

• Deceased Donor Transplant: Using a liver from someone who has recently died
• Living Donor Transplant: Using a portion of a liver from a living donor (the liver can regenerate)
• Split Liver Transplant: Dividing a deceased donor liver to serve two recipients

Conditions Requiring Liver Transplant

• Cirrhosis from various causes (hepatitis, alcohol-related liver disease)
• Primary biliary cholangitis
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis
• Biliary atresia (in children)
• Metabolic disorders affecting the liver
• Acute liver failure
• Early-stage liver cancer

The Transplant Process

• Evaluation: Comprehensive testing to confirm need and suitability for transplant
• Waiting Period: Time on a waiting list for a compatible donor liver
• Surgery: Removal of the diseased liver and implantation of the donor liver
• Hospital Stay: Typically 1-2 weeks for initial recovery
• Lifelong Care: Immunosuppressant medications and regular follow-up

Paediatric Oncology

Pediatric oncology is a medical specialty focused on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in children and adolescents. These cancers differ from adult cancers and require specialized care tailored to young patients' unique needs.

Common Childhood Cancers

• Leukemia (blood cancer)
• Brain and spinal cord tumors
• Neuroblastoma (cancer of nerve cells)
• Wilms tumor (kidney cancer)
• Lymphoma (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin)
• Rhabdomyosarcoma (soft tissue cancer)
• Retinoblastoma (eye cancer)
• Bone cancers (osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma)

Treatment Approaches

• Chemotherapy: Tailored protocols specific to pediatric cancers
• Radiation Therapy: Carefully planned to minimize long-term effects on growing bodies
• Surgery: To remove tumors while preserving function and appearance
• Immunotherapy: Harnessing the immune system to fight cancer cells
• Stem Cell Transplantation: For certain high-risk or recurrent cancers
• Targeted Therapies: Drugs that target specific genetic changes in cancer cells

Comprehensive Care Components

• Multidisciplinary team approach
• Psychosocial support for patients and families
• Pain management and palliative care when needed
• Educational support during treatment
• Long-term follow-up for survivors
• Child life specialists to help normalize the hospital experience

Paediatric Surgery

Pediatric surgery is a specialized field of surgery focused on the unique surgical needs of children from newborns to adolescents. These surgeons are trained to address congenital and acquired conditions requiring surgical intervention in the developing body.

Common Pediatric Surgical Conditions

• Congenital anomalies (birth defects)
• Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
• Hernias and hydroceles
• Undescended testicles
• Pyloric stenosis
• Intussusception
• Congenital heart defects
• Childhood tumors
• Trauma injuries

Specialized Pediatric Surgical Fields

• Neonatal Surgery: Procedures for newborns, often for life-threatening conditions
• Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: Treatment of congenital heart defects
• Pediatric Neurosurgery: Brain and spinal cord procedures
• Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery: Bone and joint conditions in growing children
• Pediatric Urology: Urinary tract and genital conditions
• Pediatric Otolaryngology: Ear, nose, and throat procedures

Unique Considerations in Pediatric Surgery

• Specialized anesthesia protocols for children
• Size-appropriate surgical instruments and techniques
• Consideration of growth and development
• Family-centered care approach
• Emphasis on minimizing pain and psychological trauma
• Child-friendly pre- and post-operative environments

Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgery encompasses various surgical procedures designed to help people with severe obesity achieve significant weight loss. These procedures work by restricting food intake, reducing nutrient absorption, or a combination of both.

Types of Bariatric Procedures

• Gastric Bypass (Roux-en-Y): Creates a small stomach pouch and reroutes the small intestine
• Sleeve Gastrectomy: Removes approximately 80% of the stomach, creating a tube-like structure
• Adjustable Gastric Band: Places an inflatable band around the upper portion of the stomach
• Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch: Complex procedure combining sleeve gastrectomy with intestinal bypass
• Gastric Balloon: Non-surgical placement of a balloon in the stomach to reduce space for food

Candidacy for Bariatric Surgery

• BMI of 40 or higher (severe obesity)
• BMI of 35-39.9 with serious weight-related health problems
• Inability to achieve sustained weight loss through diet and exercise
• No alcohol or drug problems
• Psychological readiness for lifestyle changes
• Understanding of the procedure and commitment to long-term follow-up

Benefits Beyond Weight Loss

• Improvement or resolution of type 2 diabetes
• Reduced blood pressure
• Improved cholesterol levels
• Relief from sleep apnea
• Decreased joint pain
• Enhanced mobility
• Improved quality of life

Neurology

Neurology is the branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscles. Neurologists specialize in managing complex conditions that affect how we think, move, and feel.

Common Neurological Conditions

• Stroke and cerebrovascular diseases
• Epilepsy and seizure disorders
• Migraine and other headache disorders
• Multiple sclerosis
• Parkinson's disease
• Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Neuromuscular disorders (e.g., myasthenia gravis)
• Movement disorders
• Brain and spinal cord injuries

Diagnostic Procedures

• Neurological Examination: Comprehensive assessment of nervous system function
• Electroencephalogram (EEG): Records electrical activity in the brain
• Electromyography (EMG): Evaluates nerve and muscle function
• Imaging Studies: MRI, CT scans, PET scans
• Lumbar Puncture: Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid
• Genetic Testing: For hereditary neurological disorders

Treatment Approaches

• Medication management
• Physical, occupational, and speech therapy
• Lifestyle modifications
• Botulinum toxin injections for certain movement disorders
• Deep brain stimulation
• Vagus nerve stimulation
• Rehabilitation programs

Neurosurgery

Neurosurgery is a highly specialized surgical discipline focused on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and their supporting structures. Neurosurgeons perform delicate procedures to treat conditions that often require precision at the microscopic level.

Common Neurosurgical Conditions

• Brain tumors (cancerous and benign)
• Traumatic brain injuries
• Stroke and cerebrovascular disorders
• Aneurysms and vascular malformations
• Spinal disorders (herniated discs, stenosis, scoliosis)
• Hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain)
• Epilepsy requiring surgical intervention
• Congenital disorders (e.g., spina bifida)
• Trigeminal neuralgia and other nerve compression syndromes
• Parkinson's disease and movement disorders

Advanced Neurosurgical Procedures

• Craniotomy: Opening the skull to access the brain
• Minimally Invasive Brain Surgery: Using small incisions and specialized instruments
• Endovascular Procedures: Treating vascular conditions through blood vessels
• Spine Surgery: Discectomy, laminectomy, spinal fusion, artificial disc replacement
• Deep Brain Stimulation: Implanting electrodes to regulate brain activity
• Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Precise radiation treatment for tumors and other conditions
• Neuroendoscopy: Using a small camera for minimally invasive procedures

Technological Advancements

• Intraoperative MRI and CT scanning
• Computer-assisted navigation systems
• Functional mapping of the brain
• Awake craniotomy techniques
• Robotic assistance
• 3D printing for surgical planning

Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation

Physiotherapy and rehabilitation services help patients recover movement and function when affected by injury, illness, or disability. These therapeutic approaches combine exercise, manual therapy, education, and specialized techniques to improve quality of life and restore optimal physical function.

Common Conditions Treated

• Recovery after orthopedic surgery
• Sports injuries
• Stroke rehabilitation
• Spinal cord injury rehabilitation
• Chronic pain management
• Back and neck pain
• Arthritis and joint conditions
• Neurological conditions (Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis)
• Post-cardiac surgery recovery
• Respiratory conditions

Therapeutic Approaches

• Exercise Therapy: Tailored exercise programs to improve strength, flexibility, and function
• Manual Therapy: Hands-on techniques to improve mobility and reduce pain
• Electrotherapy: Using electrical stimulation to promote healing and pain relief
• Hydrotherapy: Rehabilitation exercises performed in water
• Traction: Gentle stretching of the spine to relieve pressure
• Gait Training: Improving walking patterns after injury or surgery
• Balance and Coordination Training: Preventing falls and improving stability

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services

• Inpatient rehabilitation for intensive care
• Outpatient therapy for ongoing support
• Home-based rehabilitation programs
• Occupational therapy for daily activities
• Speech therapy for communication disorders
• Cognitive rehabilitation
• Adaptive equipment training

Urology

Urology is a surgical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the urinary tract in men and women, as well as conditions affecting the male reproductive system. Urologists manage a wide range of conditions from common urinary infections to complex cancers.

Common Urological Conditions

• Urinary tract infections
• Kidney stones
• Prostate disorders (enlargement, inflammation, cancer)
• Bladder disorders (overactive bladder, incontinence)
• Urinary retention
• Hematuria (blood in urine)
• Kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer
• Male infertility issues
• Erectile dysfunction
• Testicular conditions

Diagnostic Procedures

• Cystoscopy: Visual examination of the bladder and urethra
• Urodynamic Testing: Evaluates bladder function
• Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: Screens for prostate cancer
• Imaging: Ultrasound, CT, MRI of urinary tract
• Biopsy: Tissue sampling for cancer diagnosis
• Urinalysis and Urine Culture: Tests for infections and other conditions

Treatment Options

• Medication: For infections, enlarged prostate, overactive bladder
• Shock Wave Lithotripsy: Non-invasive breaking of kidney stones
• Ureteroscopy: Removal of stones using a scope
• Prostatectomy: Removal of the prostate gland
• Nephrectomy: Partial or complete kidney removal
• Cystectomy: Bladder removal
• Minimally Invasive Procedures: Laser treatments, robotic surgery
• Fertility Treatments: For male infertility

Gastroenterology

Gastroenterology is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders. Gastroenterologists diagnose and treat conditions affecting the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver.

Common Digestive Conditions

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Celiac disease
• Chronic constipation or diarrhea
• Gallstones and gallbladder disease
• Liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver)
• Pancreatitis
• Colorectal cancer and polyps
• Diverticulosis and diverticulitis

Diagnostic Procedures

• Endoscopy: Visual examination of the upper digestive tract
• Colonoscopy: Examination of the large intestine
• Capsule Endoscopy: Camera pill that images the small intestine
• Endoscopic Ultrasound: Detailed imaging of digestive organs
• ERCP: Procedure to diagnose and treat bile and pancreatic duct problems
• Liver Biopsy: Sampling of liver tissue
• Breath Tests: For bacterial overgrowth and food intolerances
• Imaging Studies: CT scans, MRI, ultrasound

Treatment Approaches

• Medication management for various conditions
• Dietary and lifestyle modifications
• Endoscopic procedures for diagnosis and treatment
• Polypectomy (removal of polyps)
• Stent placement for strictures
• Treatment of variceal bleeding
• Management of chronic liver diseases
• Screening and surveillance for cancers

Tumour and Oncology Surgery

Tumor and oncology surgery involves the surgical removal of cancerous and non-cancerous tumors from various parts of the body. This specialized field combines surgical expertise with cancer care to provide comprehensive treatment for patients with solid tumors.

Types of Oncological Surgery

• Diagnostic Surgery: Biopsy procedures to confirm cancer diagnosis
• Preventive Surgery: Removing tissue at high risk of becoming cancerous
• Curative Surgery: Complete removal of localized tumors
• Debulking Surgery: Removing portions of tumors that cannot be completely resected
• Palliative Surgery: Relieving symptoms or complications caused by tumors
• Reconstructive Surgery: Restoring appearance or function after tumor removal

Common Tumor Surgeries

• Breast cancer surgery (lumpectomy, mastectomy)
• Colorectal cancer resection
• Lung cancer resection
• Prostate cancer surgery
• Gynecologic cancer surgery
• Liver tumor resection
• Pancreatic cancer surgery
• Brain tumor removal
• Thyroid cancer surgery
• Skin cancer excision

Advanced Surgical Techniques

• Minimally Invasive Surgery: Laparoscopic and robotic approaches
• Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: Selective removal of key lymph nodes
• Intraoperative Radiation Therapy: Targeted radiation during surgery
• Cryosurgery: Using extreme cold to destroy tumors
• Transoral Robotic Surgery: For head and neck tumors
• Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Heated chemotherapy during surgery

Dental

Dental care encompasses a range of services focused on maintaining and restoring oral health, addressing conditions affecting the teeth, gums, and supporting structures. Modern dentistry combines preventive care with advanced treatment options for functional and aesthetic concerns.

Comprehensive Dental Services

• Preventive Dentistry: Regular check-ups, professional cleanings, fluoride treatments
• Restorative Dentistry: Fillings, crowns, bridges to repair damaged teeth
• Endodontics: Root canal therapy to treat infected tooth pulp
• Periodontics: Treatment of gum disease and supporting structures
• Oral Surgery: Extractions, wisdom tooth removal, jaw surgery
• Prosthodontics: Dentures, implants, and other tooth replacements
• Orthodontics: Correction of misaligned teeth and jaws
• Cosmetic Dentistry: Aesthetic improvements like whitening, veneers
• Pediatric Dentistry: Specialized care for children's dental needs

Advanced Dental Solutions

• Dental Implants: Titanium posts that function as artificial tooth roots
• All-on-4 or All-on-6: Full-arch replacement with minimal implants
• Laser Dentistry: Precise, less invasive treatments
• Digital Smile Design: Computer-aided planning for aesthetic results
• CAD/CAM Technology: Same-day crowns and restorations
• Invisible Orthodontics: Clear aligners for teeth straightening
• Bone Grafting: Building up jaw bone for implant placement
• Sleep Apnea Appliances: Dental solutions for sleep-disordered breathing

Dental Tourism Benefits

• Significant cost savings for extensive dental work
• Access to internationally trained dental specialists
• Modern facilities with state-of-the-art equipment
• Comprehensive treatment plans completed in fewer visits
• Opportunity to combine dental care with recovery in a relaxing environment

ophthalmology

Ophthalmology is the medical specialty focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disorders and diseases affecting the eyes and visual system. Ophthalmologists are medical doctors who provide comprehensive eye care, from prescribing glasses to performing complex eye surgeries.

Common Eye Conditions

• Cataracts (clouding of the eye lens)
• Glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve)
• Age-related macular degeneration
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Refractive errors (nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism)
• Dry eye syndrome
• Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
• Corneal diseases
• Retinal detachment
• Strabismus (crossed eyes) and amblyopia (lazy eye)
• Ocular tumors

Diagnostic Services

• Comprehensive Eye Examination: Visual acuity, refraction, eye pressure
• Visual Field Testing: Evaluates peripheral vision
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Detailed imaging of retina and optic nerve
• Fundus Photography: Images of the retina and optic nerve
• Fluorescein Angiography: Evaluates blood flow in the retina
• Corneal Topography: Maps the surface curvature of the cornea
• Ultrasound: Imaging for eye structures and tumors

Surgical and Treatment Options

• Cataract Surgery: Removal of clouded lens and replacement with artificial lens
• LASIK and Refractive Surgery: Corrects vision and reduces dependency on glasses
• Glaucoma Treatments: Medications, laser procedures, or surgery to reduce eye pressure
• Vitreoretinal Surgery: Treatment for retinal detachment and other retinal disorders
• Corneal Transplantation: Replacement of damaged cornea
• Oculoplastic Surgery: Reconstruction of eye structures and surrounding areas
• Intravitreal Injections: Treatment for macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy